Military History: 10 World Changing Invasions That Never Happened

Strategists say the first casualty of war is the plan. In a few cases, the plan never reached the war stage. And if these 10 invasions had happened, the world would be a dramatically different place.

1. War Plan Red: The U.S. Invasion of Canada

In the post-WWI era, fresh from battlefield victory in Europe, the United States was building its military to compete with those of the other world powers. It was a time of global imperialism, when the aspirations of any country could end up sparking a war anywhere, with anyone. To this end, the U.S. drew up a series of “Rainbow War Plans,” filled with possible war scenarios that were coded by color. The first on the list was War Plan Red: The U.S. War with Britain.

Canada’s PM Trudeau receives a standing ovation while speaking during the Liberal caucus holiday party in OttawaThomson Reuters

In the age of the “Special Relationship” the U.S. enjoys with the UK, we tend to forget Anglo-American relations haven’t always been this close. Before the rise of the Soviet Union, the U.S.’ “special relationship” was more akin to its relations with Russia. Catherine the Great traded directly with the American Colonies despite the British ban on such trading and Russian ships traded with the colonies during the Revolution. The Russians kept other European powers out of the American Civil War.

War Plan Red did not involve any U.S. vs. UK action outside the Western Hemisphere. The authors believed capturing Canada would make Britain sue for peace. The first step would be an American invasion of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, followed by a move West into Quebec. Once the Province of Quebec falls, the Canadians would have been unable to move men and supplies in either direction.

This would have been followed by thrusts to capture the Great Lakes area (which is also the Canadian industrial center) to prevent attacks on the American industrial centers in the Rust Belt regions. An attack from Grand Forks, North Dakota would capture the Canadian Central Rail system in Winnipeg, and a joint blockade an amphibious invasion was called to capture British Columbia in the West.

2. The Canadian Invasion of The United States

As if the Canadians knew something was up down south, they had an invasion scheme of their own. Literally called Defence Scheme No. 1, it called for immediate action as soon as evidence of an American invasion was uncovered. The Canadians believed the U.S. would strike Montreal and the Great Lakes regions first, then Westward into the prairies and into British Columbia.

In 1930, Canadian intelligence developed its counter plan. It was designed to buy time for Canadians to mobilize for war and to receive help from Great Britain. Units designed for speed of movement would capture major cities in Washington State as others in the East would capture cities in Minnesota and the Great Plains States. French Canadian forces would move to capture Albany, New York while an amphibious assault would land in Maine.

As the Americans began to push the Canadians out, the retreating troops would destroy food and infrastructure as they went.he Royal Navy at the time considered Canada to be indefensibleand would not have sent a large force to help… but the Canadians didn’t know that at the time.

3. Operation Downfall: The U.S. Invasion of Japan

Operation Downfall was the codename for the Allied invasion of Japan at the end of World War II. Japan surrendered after the United States dropped two atomic bombs and the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War, handily defeating Japanese forces on the Chinese mainland.Downfall would have been the largest amphibious operation in world history, a landing even bigger than the ones at Normandy the previous year.

The invasion was divided into two parts, Operations Olympic and Coronet. Olympic was the capture of the southern portion of the Japanese main island of Kyushu. Coronet used assets captured in Olympic to invade the main island of Honshu in the plains areas near Tokyo. The plan called for five million American troops with an additional one million British and Commonwealth forces. The Japanese are estimated to have mustered 35 million regular, reserve, and conscripted troops.

The Japanese correctly predicted the U.S. war plan and their defensive operation plan was an all-out defense of Kyushu with little left for defenses anywhere else. A study conducted for the War Department at the time estimated at least 1.7 million American casualties because the study assumed Japanese civilians would join in the island’s defense.

Read the Remainder at Business Insider

Military History: 7 New War Machines America Planned to Unleash on Japan in 1946

The arsenal included larger tanks, more powerful artillery, faster fighter planes and new bombers.”

AMERICA’S ANTICIPATED INVASION of Japan ultimately proved unnecessary – the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made sure of that. Yet all throughout 1944 and 1945, Allied commanders were drawing up plans for the final assault on the enemy home islands. The campaign, which was codenamed Operation Downfall, would have been several times the size of the D-Day invasion, making it the largest amphibious attack in recorded history. And while much of the military hardware America planned to throw into the fight had already been proven on or above the battlefields of Europe and the Pacific, the U.S. military was also gathering a whole new generation of war machines for the epic onslaught. The arsenal included larger tanks, more powerful artillery, faster fighter planes and new bombers. Here’s a glimpse at some of this weaponry that (thankfully) never got the chance to see action in World War Two.

B-32 Dominator

Developed in tandem with the Boeing B-29, the B-32 Dominator was a four-engine, heavy bomber roughly equal in performance to that of the Superfortress. Unlike its much more famous cousin, B-32 faced a number of production delays related to its pressurized crew compartment. It only entered service in limited numbers by the summer of 1945. Capable of hauling a 20,000-pound payload nearly 4,000 miles (6,400 km) at an altitude of 30,000 feet (9,000 m), the Dominator would certainly have seen action in the Pacific had the war continued into 1946. But with Japan’s surrender in August, the manufacturer never got the chance to complete the 1,500 of the aircraft that were ordered by the U.S. military. Only 118 B-32s were ever built. None of them remain intact.

T-28 Super Heavy Tank

The T-28, dubbed the “Super-Heavy Tank”, was originally designed to be impervious to everything on European battlefields, including Germany’s mighty Tiger II; its main gun was expected to make short work of enemy concrete fortifications. But the Allies also hoped the massive armoured fighting vehicle would take part in the invasion of Japan. Also known as the T-95 105mm Gun Motor Carriage, the T-28 was 36 feet long and weighed nearly 100 tons (more than three times heavier than the workhorse M4 Sherman tank), but was without a rotating turret. Due to its immense size and weight, the T-28 had a top speed of only 8 mph (12 km/h), not to mention an impractical combat range of less than 20 miles (32 km). But its heavy 300 mm armour would have made it all but indestructible in the Japanese campaign. Tokyo surrendered before the roughly two-dozen T-28s that were ordered could roll off Pacific Car and Foundry assembly lines. In fact, only two models were finished by VJ day. One was dismantled shortly after Japan surrendered; the other was mothballed at a U.S. Army depot in the years after the war. It was restored in 1974 and is now on exhibit at Kentucky’s Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor.

“Little David”

Like the T-28 tank, the U.S. Army’s Little David mortar was also expected to see action on Japanese battlefields. In fact, the towed 914-mm gun was designed specifically to obliterate the dense fortifications the Allies were expecting to encounter on the home islands. More powerful than Germany’s notorious Schwerer Gustav railroad gun, the 40-ton American weapon featured a 22-foot long barrel that could launch a 3,500-lb. (1,600 kg) shell a distance of 6 miles (10 km). But like the T-28 tank, the Little David never fired a single shot in anger; Japan quit before it saw action. A prototype of the massive mortar is on display at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland.

Read about the Other 4 War Machines at Military History Now